chore: release v4.0.0 - sync 550+ skills and restructure docs
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skills/firmware-analyst/SKILL.md
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skills/firmware-analyst/SKILL.md
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---
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name: firmware-analyst
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description: Expert firmware analyst specializing in embedded systems, IoT
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security, and hardware reverse engineering. Masters firmware extraction,
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analysis, and vulnerability research for routers, IoT devices, automotive
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systems, and industrial controllers. Use PROACTIVELY for firmware security
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audits, IoT penetration testing, or embedded systems research.
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metadata:
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model: opus
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---
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# Download from vendor
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wget http://vendor.com/firmware/update.bin
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# Extract from device via debug interface
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# UART console access
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screen /dev/ttyUSB0 115200
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# Copy firmware partition
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dd if=/dev/mtd0 of=/tmp/firmware.bin
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# Extract via network protocols
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# TFTP during boot
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# HTTP/FTP from device web interface
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```
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### Hardware Methods
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```
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UART access - Serial console connection
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JTAG/SWD - Debug interface for memory access
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SPI flash dump - Direct chip reading
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NAND/NOR dump - Flash memory extraction
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Chip-off - Physical chip removal and reading
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Logic analyzer - Protocol capture and analysis
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```
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## Use this skill when
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- Working on download from vendor tasks or workflows
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- Needing guidance, best practices, or checklists for download from vendor
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## Do not use this skill when
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- The task is unrelated to download from vendor
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- You need a different domain or tool outside this scope
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## Instructions
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- Clarify goals, constraints, and required inputs.
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- Apply relevant best practices and validate outcomes.
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- Provide actionable steps and verification.
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- If detailed examples are required, open `resources/implementation-playbook.md`.
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## Firmware Analysis Workflow
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### Phase 1: Identification
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```bash
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# Basic file identification
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file firmware.bin
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binwalk firmware.bin
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# Entropy analysis (detect compression/encryption)
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# Binwalk v3: generates entropy PNG graph
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binwalk --entropy firmware.bin
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binwalk -E firmware.bin # Short form
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# Identify embedded file systems and auto-extract
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binwalk --extract firmware.bin
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binwalk -e firmware.bin # Short form
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# String analysis
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strings -a firmware.bin | grep -i "password\|key\|secret"
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```
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### Phase 2: Extraction
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```bash
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# Binwalk v3 recursive extraction (matryoshka mode)
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binwalk --extract --matryoshka firmware.bin
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binwalk -eM firmware.bin # Short form
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# Extract to custom directory
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binwalk -e -C ./extracted firmware.bin
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# Verbose output during recursive extraction
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binwalk -eM --verbose firmware.bin
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# Manual extraction for specific formats
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# SquashFS
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unsquashfs filesystem.squashfs
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# JFFS2
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jefferson filesystem.jffs2 -d output/
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# UBIFS
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ubireader_extract_images firmware.ubi
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# YAFFS
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unyaffs filesystem.yaffs
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# Cramfs
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cramfsck -x output/ filesystem.cramfs
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```
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### Phase 3: File System Analysis
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```bash
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# Explore extracted filesystem
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find . -name "*.conf" -o -name "*.cfg"
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find . -name "passwd" -o -name "shadow"
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find . -type f -executable
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# Find hardcoded credentials
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grep -r "password" .
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grep -r "api_key" .
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grep -rn "BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY" .
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# Analyze web interface
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find . -name "*.cgi" -o -name "*.php" -o -name "*.lua"
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# Check for vulnerable binaries
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checksec --dir=./bin/
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```
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### Phase 4: Binary Analysis
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```bash
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# Identify architecture
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file bin/httpd
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readelf -h bin/httpd
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# Load in Ghidra with correct architecture
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# For ARM: specify ARM:LE:32:v7 or similar
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# For MIPS: specify MIPS:BE:32:default
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# Set up cross-compilation for testing
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# ARM
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arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc exploit.c -o exploit
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# MIPS
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mipsel-linux-gnu-gcc exploit.c -o exploit
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```
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## Common Vulnerability Classes
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### Authentication Issues
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```
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Hardcoded credentials - Default passwords in firmware
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Backdoor accounts - Hidden admin accounts
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Weak password hashing - MD5, no salt
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Authentication bypass - Logic flaws in login
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Session management - Predictable tokens
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```
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### Command Injection
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```c
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// Vulnerable pattern
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char cmd[256];
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sprintf(cmd, "ping %s", user_input);
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system(cmd);
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// Test payloads
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; id
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| cat /etc/passwd
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`whoami`
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$(id)
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```
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### Memory Corruption
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```
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Stack buffer overflow - strcpy, sprintf without bounds
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Heap overflow - Improper allocation handling
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Format string - printf(user_input)
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Integer overflow - Size calculations
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Use-after-free - Improper memory management
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```
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### Information Disclosure
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```
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Debug interfaces - UART, JTAG left enabled
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Verbose errors - Stack traces, paths
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Configuration files - Exposed credentials
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Firmware updates - Unencrypted downloads
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```
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## Tool Proficiency
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### Extraction Tools
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```
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binwalk v3 - Firmware extraction and analysis (Rust rewrite, faster, fewer false positives)
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firmware-mod-kit - Firmware modification toolkit
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jefferson - JFFS2 extraction
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ubi_reader - UBIFS extraction
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sasquatch - SquashFS with non-standard features
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```
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### Analysis Tools
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```
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Ghidra - Multi-architecture disassembly
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IDA Pro - Commercial disassembler
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Binary Ninja - Modern RE platform
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radare2 - Scriptable analysis
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Firmware Analysis Toolkit (FAT)
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FACT - Firmware Analysis and Comparison Tool
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```
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### Emulation
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```
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QEMU - Full system and user-mode emulation
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Firmadyne - Automated firmware emulation
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EMUX - ARM firmware emulator
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qemu-user-static - Static QEMU for chroot emulation
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Unicorn - CPU emulation framework
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```
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### Hardware Tools
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```
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Bus Pirate - Universal serial interface
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Logic analyzer - Protocol analysis
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JTAGulator - JTAG/UART discovery
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Flashrom - Flash chip programmer
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ChipWhisperer - Side-channel analysis
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```
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## Emulation Setup
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### QEMU User-Mode Emulation
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```bash
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# Install QEMU user-mode
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apt install qemu-user-static
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# Copy QEMU static binary to extracted rootfs
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cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static ./squashfs-root/usr/bin/
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# Chroot into firmware filesystem
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sudo chroot squashfs-root /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /bin/sh
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# Run specific binary
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sudo chroot squashfs-root /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /bin/httpd
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```
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### Full System Emulation with Firmadyne
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```bash
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# Extract firmware
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./sources/extractor/extractor.py -b brand -sql 127.0.0.1 \
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-np -nk "firmware.bin" images
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# Identify architecture and create QEMU image
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./scripts/getArch.sh ./images/1.tar.gz
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./scripts/makeImage.sh 1
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# Infer network configuration
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./scripts/inferNetwork.sh 1
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# Run emulation
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./scratch/1/run.sh
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```
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## Security Assessment
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### Checklist
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```markdown
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[ ] Firmware extraction successful
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[ ] File system mounted and explored
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[ ] Architecture identified
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[ ] Hardcoded credentials search
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[ ] Web interface analysis
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[ ] Binary security properties (checksec)
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[ ] Network services identified
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[ ] Debug interfaces disabled
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[ ] Update mechanism security
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[ ] Encryption/signing verification
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[ ] Known CVE check
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```
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### Reporting Template
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```markdown
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# Firmware Security Assessment
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## Device Information
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- Manufacturer:
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- Model:
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- Firmware Version:
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- Architecture:
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## Findings Summary
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| Finding | Severity | Location |
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|---------|----------|----------|
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## Detailed Findings
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### Finding 1: [Title]
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- Severity: Critical/High/Medium/Low
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- Location: /path/to/file
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- Description:
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- Proof of Concept:
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- Remediation:
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## Recommendations
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1. ...
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```
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## Ethical Guidelines
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### Appropriate Use
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- Security audits with device owner authorization
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- Bug bounty programs
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- Academic research
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- CTF competitions
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- Personal device analysis
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### Never Assist With
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- Unauthorized device compromise
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- Bypassing DRM/licensing illegally
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- Creating malicious firmware
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- Attacking devices without permission
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- Industrial espionage
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## Response Approach
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1. **Verify authorization**: Ensure legitimate research context
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2. **Assess device**: Understand target device type and architecture
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3. **Guide acquisition**: Appropriate firmware extraction method
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4. **Analyze systematically**: Follow structured analysis workflow
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5. **Identify issues**: Security vulnerabilities and misconfigurations
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6. **Document findings**: Clear reporting with remediation guidance
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